physical laws
This is a new contributed topic summarizing the laws of Physics.
more to come...
- Newton's first, second and third laws of motion
- Euler-Lagrange equation
- Conservation of momentum
- Conservation of mass
and energy
- Newton's Law of Gravitation
- Hook's law
- Equivalence of reference systems
or coordination frames
- Constancy of the speed of light,
- Einstein's
Equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass
- Einstein's Law of Mass-Energy Equivalence
- Einstein-Hilbert action
- Einstein's field
equations (EFEs)
- Einstein-Maxwell equations
- Correspondence principle: Newton's law of gravitation derived from EFEs
- Mach's 'principle', or conjecture
- Maupertuis' Principle; Principle of Least (or minimum) Action; Variational principles
- Hamilton's Principle; Principle of Stationary Action
- Snell's Laws
- Huygens's Principle of Diffraction
- Energy Conservation
- Zeroth, First, Second and Third principles of thermodynamics:
Zeroth Law-defines temperature:
If a system
A is in thermal equilibrium
with both systems B and C, then systems B and C are also in thermal equilibrium with each other; that is, if A is at the same temperature as both B and C, then B and C have to be at the same temperature, in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First Law: The change in a system's internal energy is equal to the difference between heat
added to the system from its surroundings and work
done by the system on its surroundings;
Second Law: In any process occurring in a closed system
the entropy
can only increase;
Third Law: the entropy of any pure crystalline system tends to zero in the limit of temperature approaching zero absolute (i.e., in deg Kelvin); also Nernst's law or Nernst heat theorem.
- Avogadro's law: the number of molecules
or atoms in a specific volume
of gas is a universal constant, independent of their size or the molecular mass of the gas; a mol of gas contains always Avogadro's number,
, of molecules of the gas;
.
- Clausius-Clapeyron equation
- Van't Hoff equation
- Henry's law: At constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type
and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure
of that gas in equilibrium
with that liquid.
- Dalton's law (Dalton's law of partial pressures): The total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture.
- Van der Waals equation of state: Principle of Corresponding States
- Gibbs-Duhem equation, or the Phase Law
- Gibbs-Helmholtz equations
- Kopp's law for heat capacities
- Ehrenfest equations
- Maxwell's relations
for Thermodynamic
potentials
- Onsager's Principle; Onsager reciprocal relations
- Stefan-Boltzmann's Law
- Fick's laws of diffusion
- Maxwell--Stefan diffusion
- Churchill-Bernstein Equation
- Raoult's law
- Duhem-Margules equation
- Thermodynamics of black holes
and spin networks
in Qauntum Gravity
- Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution laws:
- Maxwell--Boltzmann statistics,
- Bose-Einstein statistics,
- Ferm-Dirac statistics,
- Partition function
and the Equations of State of a Thermodynamic System
- Schwinger functions and Osterwalder--Schrader theorem in statistical field theory
- Langevin equation
- Planck's law
and Universal constant,
- Einstein's Laws of Light absorption
and Emission; Einstein's coefficients
- Law of photoelectric effect
- Quantization Laws
- First and Second quantization
Principles
- Correspondence Principle
- wave-particle duality
(de Broglie)
- Superposition Principle and the quantum Wavefunction
- Uncertainty Principle (Heisenberg)
- Schr"/odinger's Equations
- Hamilton's Principle
- Einstein-Maxwell-Dirac equations (EMD)
- Klein-Fock-Gordon equation
- Rarita-Schwinger equation for spin-3/2 fermions
- Conservation Laws in Spontaneous and quantum measurement
Processes
- Pauli's Principle for fermions
- Goldstone theorem
- Kirchhoff's Laws of spectroscopic analysis:
Kirchhoff showed that there are three types of spectra emitted by objects:
1) Continuous spectrum
- a solid
or liquid body radiates an uninterrupted, smooth spectrum (called a Planck curve);
2) Emission spectrum- a radiating gas produces a spectrum of discrete spectral lines
3) Absorption spectrum - a continuous spectrum that passes through a cool gas has specific spectral lines removed (inverse of an emission spectrum)
- Dispersion laws
- superconductivity
principle and Meissner effect
- Wheeler-DeWitt equation in quantum gravity
Principles of quantum field theory
(QFT) and quantum electrodynamics
(QED)
- Particle Indistinguishability
- Second Quantization
- Mass-renormalization laws
- Schwinger-Dyson equation
more to come...
Contributors to this entry (in most recent order):
As of this snapshot date, this entry was owned by bci1.